Copyright 2014
Principles
Physiology relates to the interaction of the forces in the body. The forces have both physical and chemical forms.
Genetic Forces – Power of the Genes
key words #brain parts masks pink anatomy genetics genes generations coronal projections MRI
Ashley Davidoff MD TheCommonVein.net
Forces in the Central Nervous System
Chemical Forces Allowing Impulse Transmission Across a Synapse
Key Words mitochondria transmitter vesicles presynaptic terminal post synaptic terminal soma of neuron synaptic cleft acetyl choline norepinephrine dopamine serotonin forces chemical energy function principles
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Ashley Davidoff MD TheCommonVein.net
Electrical Transmission Along a Nerve
Key Words nerve conduction force electricity electric force positive force negative force sodium pump Na pump Patassium pump K+ pump diffusion conduction of impulses 72045b04.800
Ashley Davidoff MD TheCommonVein.net
Forces in the Cardiovascular System
Creating Pressure Gradients
Key Words heart cardiac LV left ventricle aorta aortic systemic circulation capillary capillaries arterioles venules right atrium RA right ventricle RV normal physiology pressures hemodynamics
Ashley Davidoff MD TheCommonVein.net
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Mechanical and Electrical Forces
Key Words heart cardiac physiology pressure EKG ECG pressure curves diagram LV aorta LA left atrium left ventricle systole diastole acv waves
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Ashley Davidoff MD
THECOMMONVEIN.net
Elastic Forces
This CTscan shows a theoretical changes of the aortic wall during diastole (a) systolic expansion (b) and return to normal in diastole (c) In systole (b) the suprarenal artery is expanded by the pulse but is relatively decompressed by the the low resistance and high flow renal arteries. The infra-renal aorta is relatively more expanded in systole (b) since the iliac arteries offer a relative resistance. This increased resistance causes the elastic tissue in the aorta to stretch (b) so that the recoil in diastole (c) results in a sustained forward moving force assisting the blood to get to their most distal destination – the feet. When the aorta starts to lose its elasticity the recoil of systole gradually is weakened so that the aorta does not return to its normal diameter after each systolic expansion. Over many years this lack of recoil is progressive so that the resulting wall is weaker and dilated, until an aneurysm can be formed.
24877c03 key words CVS artery aorta AAA infra renal circulatory elasticity recoil
Courtesy Ashley Davidoff
Fluid Gradients at the Capillary Level
Key Words capillary interstitium arteriole arteriolar pressure capillary pressure venule venular pressure interstitial pressure colloid osmotic pressure plasma colloid osmotic pressure Forces tending to move fluid out of the capillary is capillary pressure of 25mmHg, negative interstitial pressure = 6mmHg and and interstitial osmotic pressure of 5 mmHg = total of 36mmHg Forces holding the holding the fluid in the capillaries include the plasma oncotic pressure of 28mmhg and thus the net outward force is about 8mmHg
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Ashley Davidoff MD TheCommonVein.net
Respiratory System
Moving Forces
Key Words chest lungs fx normal chest CT anatomy
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Ashley Davidoff MD TheCommonVein.net
Keeping the Lungs attached to the Chest Wall via A Two Layered Pleura – Capillary Forces
The coronally reformatted image of the lung parenchyma has been outlined with the visceral pleura, (pink) the pleural fluid in the pleural space, (orange) and the parietal pleura. (green) Note how at end expiration the parietal pleura in the costophrenic sulcus extends beyond the lung margin so that the visceral pleura is absent in the costophrenic sulcus and there are two layers of parietal pleura facing each other. During inspiration the lung expands into this space. 32634b10
Key Words lung pleura pulmonary
Ashley Davidoff MD TheCommonVein.net
Mechanical Forces Bringing Air to Alveoli
Chest Wall, Diaphragm, Alveolar Expansion
The five major layers that keep the air moving include the outer bony cage, the muscular layer represented in maroon, the pleural complex (orange yellow orange) the lung (blue) and surfactant within the alveolus. (pink)
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Ashley Davidoff MD TheCommonVein.net
Gradients Created at the Alveolar Level
This diagram again shows the alveolus in teal, the arteriolar component of the capillary with red cells in blue and venular component replenished by oxygen in red. As noted above, the PO2 of the arterial blood is 40mmHg while the inspired air is 104mmHg. A pressure gradient thus exists and diffusion from the high to the low pressure occurs with a net movement of oxygen into the blood to equilibrate the pressure. Venous blood is now rich in oxygen with a PO2 of 104mmHg.
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Ashley Davidoff MD TheCommonVein.net
Chemical Forces Used to Maintain Patency of Alveoli
This a grape like cluster of normal alveoli.
Key words lung alveolus terminal bronchiole respiratory bronchiole RS normal anatomy drawing
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Ashley Davidoff MD TheCommonVein.net
Gastrointestinal System
Chemical Forces – Acid Production by the Stomach for Antimicrobial Action
Key Words chest esophagus PH probe intraoperative monitoring for aspiration of stomach contents CXR plain X-Ray of the chest
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Ashley Davidoff MD TheCommonVein.net
Forces for the Processing of Food
Key Words food carbohydrates dessert almonds nuts blueberry blueberries chocolate chewing mastication amylase chemical forces breakdown enzyme catabolism glucose
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Ashley Davidoff MD TheCommonVein.net
Key Words stomach antrum fx narrowing with normal mucosal folds dx antral contraction wave antral peristalsis normal UGI upper GI barium imaging radiology
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Key Words elderly male colon large bowel cecum ascending colon descending colon sigmoid colon hepatic flexure splenic flexure rectum fx peristalsis fx normal anatomy and physiology BE barium enema
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Genitourinary Tract
Pressure Gradients and Osmotic Gradients
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The Initial Filter – Bowman’s Capsule – and then
Countercurrent Mechanism in the Tubes of Henle to Generate a Gradient to Recapture
Key Words kidney renal arteriole Bowman’s capsule filter tubule proximal convoluted tubule distal convoluted tubule collecting tubule ureter countercurrent mechanisms urine production gradients membrane filter bladder urethra drawing
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Key Words kidney ureters bladder post void calyces pelvis post void forces physiology contraction IVP physiology Plain X-ray KUB
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Ashley Davidoff MD TheCommonVein.net
Muscular Forces
K
key Words week fetus arm hand biceps thumb index finger human opposing thumb and index grape in hand normal anatomy MRI food in the body
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Key Words Dancers Arielle Davidoff
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Ashley Davidoff MD TheCommonVein.net
Keywords health youth age time physiology boy running happy
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Ashley Davidoff MD TheCommonVein.net
Skeletal System
Design of the Joints Disc Material and Shape of the Spine to Accommodate the Mechanical and Gravitational Forces Created with the Evolution of the Upright Position
keywords bone spine lumbar spine scotty dog pedicles normal obliques animals in the body plain film X-ray 47717c01
Ashley Davidoff MD TheCommonVein.net
keywords bone femur fx healed fracture compensation total knee replacement plain X-Ray Davidoff MD
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Ashley Davidoff MD TheCommonVein.net