Forces in Function

Ashley Davidoff MD The Common Vein Copyright 2014

Principles

 Physiology relates to the interaction of the forces in the body.  The forces have both physical and chemical forms.

Genetic Forces – Power of the Genes

Power of the Genes
key words #brain parts masks pink anatomy genetics genes generations coronal projections MRI
Ashley Davidoff MD  TheCommonVein.net

Forces in the Central Nervous System

Chemical Forces Allowing Impulse Transmission Across a Synapse

Synaptic Cleft Requiring Chemical Transmitters eg Acetylcholine to Transmit Impulse Across Nerve Junctions
Key Words mitochondria transmitter vesicles presynaptic terminal post synaptic terminal soma of neuron synaptic cleft acetyl choline norepinephrine dopamine serotonin forces chemical energy function principles
72046.800
Ashley Davidoff MD  TheCommonVein.net


Electrical Transmission Along a Nerve

Sodium Potassium Pump Mechanism in the Transmission of a Nerve Impulse
Key Words nerve conduction force electricity electric force positive force negative force sodium pump Na pump Patassium pump K+ pump diffusion conduction of impulses 72045b04.800
Ashley Davidoff MD  TheCommonVein.net

Forces in the Cardiovascular System

Creating Pressure Gradients

Creating Pressure Gradients by Muscular Pump Action
Key Words heart cardiac LV left ventricle aorta aortic systemic circulation capillary capillaries arterioles venules right atrium RA right ventricle RV normal physiology pressures hemodynamics
Ashley Davidoff MD  TheCommonVein.net
49483b01

 

 Mechanical and Electrical Forces

Wiggers Diagram – Pressures in th Cardiovascular System
Key Words heart cardiac physiology pressure EKG ECG pressure curves diagram LV aorta LA left atrium left ventricle systole diastole acv waves
33808b.800
Ashley Davidoff MD 
THECOMMONVEIN.net

 

Elastic Forces

Elastic Forces
This CTscan shows a theoretical changes of the aortic wall during diastole (a) systolic expansion (b) and return to normal in diastole (c) In systole (b) the suprarenal artery is expanded by the pulse but is relatively decompressed by the the low resistance and high flow renal arteries. The infra-renal aorta is relatively more expanded in systole (b) since the iliac arteries offer a relative resistance. This increased resistance causes the elastic tissue in the aorta to stretch (b) so that the recoil in diastole (c) results in a sustained forward moving force assisting the blood to get to their most distal destination – the feet. When the aorta starts to lose its elasticity the recoil of systole gradually is weakened so that the aorta does not return to its normal diameter after each systolic expansion. Over many years this lack of recoil is progressive so that the resulting wall is weaker and dilated, until an aneurysm can be formed.
 24877c03  key words  CVS artery aorta AAA infra renal circulatory elasticity recoil
Courtesy Ashley Davidoff

 

Fluid Gradients at the Capillary Level

Fluid Gradients at the Capillary Level
Key Words capillary interstitium arteriole arteriolar pressure capillary pressure venule venular pressure interstitial pressure colloid osmotic pressure plasma colloid osmotic pressure Forces tending to move fluid out of the capillary is capillary pressure of 25mmHg, negative interstitial pressure = 6mmHg and and interstitial osmotic pressure of 5 mmHg = total of 36mmHg Forces holding the holding the fluid in the capillaries include the plasma oncotic pressure of 28mmhg and thus the net outward force is about 8mmHg
42445b03d06
Ashley Davidoff MD TheCommonVein.net

Respiratory System

Moving Forces

Normal Chest Anatomy
Key Words  chest lungs fx normal chest CT anatomy
45771
Ashley Davidoff MD  TheCommonVein.net
Keeping the Lungs attached to the Chest Wall via A Two Layered Pleura – Capillary Forces
Keeping the Lungs attached to the Chest Wall via A Two Layered Pleura – Capillary Forces
The coronally reformatted image of the lung parenchyma has been outlined with the visceral pleura, (pink) the pleural fluid in the pleural space, (orange) and the parietal pleura. (green) Note how at end expiration the parietal pleura in the costophrenic sulcus extends beyond the lung margin so that the visceral pleura is absent in the costophrenic sulcus and there are two layers of parietal pleura facing each other. During inspiration the lung expands into this space.  32634b10
Key Words  lung pleura pulmonary
Ashley Davidoff MD  TheCommonVein.net

 

Mechanical Forces Bringing Air to Alveoli

Mechanical Forces Bringing Air to Alveoli
Chest Wall,  Diaphragm,  Alveolar Expansion
The five major layers that keep the air moving include the outer bony cage, the muscular layer represented in maroon, the pleural complex (orange yellow orange) the lung (blue) and surfactant within the alveolus. (pink)
42530b05b09b01a08 
Ashley Davidoff MD  TheCommonVein.net

Gradients Created at the Alveolar Level

Oxygen Gradients Created by the Lungs Across the Alveolar Membrane
This diagram again shows the alveolus in teal, the arteriolar component of the capillary with red cells in blue and venular component replenished by oxygen in red. As noted above, the PO2 of the arterial blood is 40mmHg while the inspired air is 104mmHg. A pressure gradient thus exists and diffusion from the high to the low pressure occurs with a net movement of oxygen into the blood to equilibrate the pressure. Venous blood is now rich in oxygen with a PO2 of 104mmHg.
42445b08b
Ashley Davidoff MD  TheCommonVein.net

Chemical Forces Used to Maintain Patency of Alveoli

Chemical Force of Surfactant to Keep the Alveoli Open during Respiration
This a grape like cluster of normal alveoli. 
Key words lung alveolus terminal bronchiole respiratory bronchiole RS normal anatomy drawing 
32163
Ashley Davidoff MD  TheCommonVein.net

Gastrointestinal System

Chemical Forces – Acid Production by the Stomach for Antimicrobial Action

PH probe to Detect Gastric Acid Reflux During Surgery
Key Words chest esophagus PH probe intraoperative monitoring for aspiration of stomach contents CXR plain X-Ray of the chest 
49462
Ashley Davidoff MD  TheCommonVein.net

Forces for the Processing of Food

Chewing Carbohydrates with Chemical Action of Amylase results in Glucose Availability
Key Words food carbohydrates dessert almonds nuts blueberry blueberries chocolate chewing mastication amylase chemical forces breakdown enzyme catabolism glucose 
62306b05p.800
Ashley Davidoff MD  TheCommonVein.net
Pump Action – Peristalsis Moving it On for Further Processing
Key Words stomach antrum fx narrowing with normal mucosal folds dx antral contraction wave antral peristalsis normal UGI upper GI barium imaging radiology
39548b03
Ashley Davidoff MD  TheCommonVein.net
Colonic Peristalsis
Key Words elderly male colon large bowel cecum ascending colon descending colon sigmoid colon hepatic flexure splenic flexure rectum fx peristalsis fx normal anatomy and physiology BE barium enema
45661
Also 45660

 

Genitourinary Tract

Pressure Gradients and Osmotic Gradients

The Initial Filter – Bowman’s Capsule –  and then

Countercurrent Mechanism in the Tubes of Henle to Generate a Gradient to Recapture

Water and Excrete and Secrete Uriniferous Waste
Key Words kidney renal arteriole Bowman’s capsule filter tubule proximal convoluted tubule distal convoluted tubule collecting tubule ureter countercurrent mechanisms urine production gradients membrane filter bladder urethra drawing 
16100b.800
Ashley Davidoff MD  TheCommonVein.net
Peristalsis in Ureter and Bladder – Contraction to Move Urinary Waste Out 
Key Words kidney ureters bladder post void calyces pelvis post void forces physiology contraction IVP physiology Plain X-ray KUB
31843
Ashley Davidoff MD  TheCommonVein.net

Muscular Forces

Contracted Fetal Biceps
K
key Words week fetus arm hand biceps thumb index finger human opposing thumb and index grape in hand normal anatomy MRI food in the body
47757b02
Ashley Davidoff MD  TheCommonVein.net
Coordinated Muscular Forces
Key Words Dancers Arielle Davidoff
80753pb01.800
Ashley Davidoff MD  TheCommonVein.net
Running
Keywords health youth age time physiology boy running happy 
64163b01
Ashley Davidoff MD  TheCommonVein.net

 

Skeletal System

Design of the Joints Disc Material and Shape of the Spine to Accommodate the Mechanical and Gravitational Forces Created with the Evolution of the Upright Position

Design of the Joints Disc Material and Shape of the Spine to Accommodate the Mechanical and Gravitational Forces Created with the Evolution of the Upright Position
keywords bone spine lumbar spine scotty dog pedicles normal obliques animals in the body plain film X-ray 47717c01
Ashley Davidoff MD  TheCommonVein.net
Gravitational and Muscular Forces result in Molding of Bone to Accommodate the Mechanical Forces
keywords bone femur fx healed fracture compensation total knee replacement plain X-Ray Davidoff MD
49464  49465
Ashley Davidoff MD  TheCommonVein.net